機能 
 構成・方式
 タスク 
 postgreSQL導入
    リポジトリ
    アップグレード
    インストール
    postgresql.conf 
    ログ
 DBクラスタ導入

 PostgreSQLの公式リポジトリを追加
 ・コミュニティのリポジトリを使う。
https://yum.postgresql.org/
Repo RPMs →Available Repo RPMs
https://yum.postgresql.org/repopackages/
各PostgreSQLバージョンとディストリビューションの組み合わせのRPMパッケージを選択
 ・リポジトリダウンロード
pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
 ・リポジトリインストール(CentOS7)
# rpm -ivh /tmp/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
 ・パッケージ確認
# yum info pgdg-redhat-repo インストール済みパッケージ     名前          : pgdg-redhat-repo     アーキテクチャー   : noarch     バージョン       : 42.0     リリース        : 23     容量          : 12 k     リポジトリー      : installed     提供元リポジトリー : pgdg-common     ・・・  ・インストールされているか?
# rpm -qa | grep postgres     postgresql13-server-13.5-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64     postgresql-server-9.2.24-7.el7_9.x86_64     postgresql11-server-11.15-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64     postgresql11-libs-11.15-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64     postgresql13-13.5-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64     postgresql-9.2.24-7.el7_9.x86_64     postgresql11-11.15-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64     postgresql13-libs-13.5-1PGDG.rhel7.x86_64     postgresql-libs-9.2.24-7.el7_9.x86_64
 アップグレード
 ・DBバックアップ
 ・/var/lib/pgsql(例)をリネームか削除
 ・DBインストール
必用ならば古いパッケージなどを削除
 ・DBリストア
 ・参考

 CentOS7にインストール
 ・インストール
# yum -y install postgresql13-server
 ・バージョン確認
 ・データベース初期化 (V13、照合順序とCtype(変換演算子)は「C」)
# /usr/pgsql-13/bin/postgresql-13-setup initdb
Initializing database ... OK
/var/lib/pgsql/13/initdb.log      データベースシステム内のファイルの所有者はユーザ"postgres"となります。      このユーザをサーバプロセスの所有者とする必要があります。      データベースクラスタはロケール"ja_JP.UTF-8"で初期化されます。      デフォルトのデータベース符号化方式はそれに対応してUTF8に設定されました。      initdb: ロケール"ja_JP.UTF-8"用の適切なテキスト検索設定が見つかりませんでした      デフォルトのテキスト検索構成は simple に設定されます。      データベージのチェックサムは無効です。      ディレクトリ/var/lib/pgsql/13/dataの権限を設定しています ... ok      サブディレクトリを作成しています ... ok      動的共有メモリの実装を選択しています ... posix      デフォルトのmax_connectionsを選択しています ... 100      デフォルトのshared_buffersを選択しています ... 128MB      デフォルトの時間帯を選択しています ... Asia/Tokyo      設定ファイルを作成しています ... ok      ブートストラップスクリプトを実行しています ... ok      ブートストラップ後の初期化を実行しています ... ok      データをディスクに同期しています ... ok      成功しました。以下のようにしてデータベースサーバを起動することができます:       /usr/pgsql-13/bin/pg_ctl -D /var/lib/pgsql/13/data/ -l xxxxxx.log start  ・データベース初期化やり直し
var/lib/pgsql/(あれば)/data配下を削除
 ・インストール済パッケージ
# rpm -qa | grep postgres
PL/PerlやPL/TCLなど、各種言語IFが必要な場合、それぞれに対応するPKGを入れる。
 ・インストール済ファイルとディレクトリ
/var/lib/pgsql/13/→設定、データ、バックアップファイルが保存されるディレクトリ
/var/lib/pgsql/13/data/postgresql.conf→メインとなる設定ファイル
/var/lib/pgsql/13/data/pg_hba.conf→ユーザ認証用設定ファイル
「/var/lib/pgsql/13」以下は、initdbを実行したときに作成される。
DBクラスタ作成時には「13」を削除する。
/usr/pgsql-13/bin/createdb→データベース作成用コマンド
/usr/pgsql-13/bin/psql→操作用クライアント
/usr/pgsql-13/bin/postgres→DBサーバー
 ・ユーザ(Linux)確認
# su - postgres
$ id
uid=26(postgres) gid=26(postgres) groups=26(postgres) ・・・・
 ・データベースサーバを起動
/usr/pgsql-13/bin/pg_ctl -D /var/lib/pgsql/13/data -l testxxxx.log start
「testxxxx.log」は、カレントディレクトリにできる。
 ・環境設定 (/var/lib/pgsql/.bash_profile)
PATH=/usr/pgsql-13/bin:$PATH
MANPATH=/usr/pgsql-13/share/man:$MANPATH
デフォルトで検索される場所にインストールした場合を除く。
PGDATA=/var/lib/pgsql/13/data
export PATH MANPATH PGDATA
再読み込み(/var/lib/pgsql/.bash_profile)
 参考 
 ・サーバー起動などのサービス化など
 サービス化 

 postgresql.conf
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # FILE LOCATIONS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #data_directory = 'ConfigDir' # use data in another directory # (change requires restart) #hba_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_hba.conf' # host-based authentication file # (change requires restart) #ident_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_ident.conf' # ident configuration file # (change requires restart) # If external_pid_file is not explicitly set, no extra PID file is written. #external_pid_file = '' # write an extra PID file # (change requires restart) #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Connection Settings - #listen_addresses = 'localhost' # what IP address(es) to listen on; # comma-separated list of addresses; # defaults to 'localhost'; use '*' for all # (change requires restart) #port = 5432 # (change requires restart) max_connections = 100 # (change requires restart) #superuser_reserved_connections = 3 # (change requires restart) #unix_socket_directories = '/var/run/postgresql, /tmp' # comma-separated list of directories # (change requires restart) #unix_socket_group = '' # (change requires restart) #unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # begin with 0 to use octal notation # (change requires restart) #bonjour = off # advertise server via Bonjour # (change requires restart) #bonjour_name = '' # defaults to the computer name # (change requires restart) # - TCP Keepalives - # see "man 7 tcp" for details #tcp_keepalives_idle = 0 # TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds; # 0 selects the system default #tcp_keepalives_interval = 0 # TCP_KEEPINTVL, in seconds; # 0 selects the system default #tcp_keepalives_count = 0 # TCP_KEEPCNT; # 0 selects the system default # - Authentication - #authentication_timeout = 1min # 1s-600s #password_encryption = md5 # md5 or scram-sha-256 #db_user_namespace = off # GSSAPI using Kerberos #krb_server_keyfile = '' #krb_caseins_users = off # - SSL - #ssl = off #ssl_ca_file = '' #ssl_cert_file = 'server.crt' #ssl_crl_file = '' #ssl_key_file = 'server.key' #ssl_ciphers = 'HIGH:MEDIUM:+3DES:!aNULL' # allowed SSL ciphers #ssl_prefer_server_ciphers = on #ssl_ecdh_curve = 'prime256v1' #ssl_dh_params_file = '' #ssl_passphrase_command = '' #ssl_passphrase_command_supports_reload = off #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # RESOURCE USAGE (except WAL) #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Memory - shared_buffers = 128MB # min 128kB # (change requires restart) #huge_pages = try # on, off, or try # (change requires restart) #temp_buffers = 8MB # min 800kB #max_prepared_transactions = 0 # zero disables the feature # (change requires restart) # Caution: it is not advisable to set max_prepared_transactions nonzero unless # you actively intend to use prepared transactions. #work_mem = 4MB # min 64kB #maintenance_work_mem = 64MB # min 1MB #autovacuum_work_mem = -1 # min 1MB, or -1 to use maintenance_work_mem #max_stack_depth = 2MB # min 100kB dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix # the default is the first option # supported by the operating system: # posix # sysv # windows # mmap # use none to disable dynamic shared memory # (change requires restart) # - Disk - #temp_file_limit = -1 # limits per-process temp file space # in kB, or -1 for no limit # - Kernel Resources - #max_files_per_process = 1000 # min 25 # (change requires restart) # - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay - #vacuum_cost_delay = 0 # 0-100 milliseconds #vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1 # 0-10000 credits #vacuum_cost_page_miss = 10 # 0-10000 credits #vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20 # 0-10000 credits #vacuum_cost_limit = 200 # 1-10000 credits # - Background Writer - #bgwriter_delay = 200ms # 10-10000ms between rounds #bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100 # max buffers written/round, 0 disables #bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0 # 0-10.0 multiplier on buffers scanned/round #bgwriter_flush_after = 512kB # measured in pages, 0 disables # - Asynchronous Behavior - #effective_io_concurrency = 1 # 1-1000; 0 disables prefetching #max_worker_processes = 8 # (change requires restart) #max_parallel_maintenance_workers = 2 # taken from max_parallel_workers #max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 2 # taken from max_parallel_workers #parallel_leader_participation = on #max_parallel_workers = 8 # maximum number of max_worker_processes that # can be used in parallel operations #old_snapshot_threshold = -1 # 1min-60d; -1 disables; 0 is immediate # (change requires restart) #backend_flush_after = 0 # measured in pages, 0 disables #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # WRITE-AHEAD LOG #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Settings - #wal_level = replica # minimal, replica, or logical # (change requires restart) #fsync = on # flush data to disk for crash safety # (turning this off can cause # unrecoverable data corruption) #synchronous_commit = on # synchronization level; # off, local, remote_write, remote_apply, or on #wal_sync_method = fsync # the default is the first option # supported by the operating system: # open_datasync # fdatasync (default on Linux) # fsync # fsync_writethrough # open_sync #full_page_writes = on # recover from partial page writes #wal_compression = off # enable compression of full-page writes #wal_log_hints = off # also do full page writes of non-critical updates # (change requires restart) #wal_buffers = -1 # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers # (change requires restart) #wal_writer_delay = 200ms # 1-10000 milliseconds #wal_writer_flush_after = 1MB # measured in pages, 0 disables #commit_delay = 0 # range 0-100000, in microseconds #commit_siblings = 5 # range 1-1000 # - Checkpoints - #checkpoint_timeout = 5min # range 30s-1d max_wal_size = 1GB min_wal_size = 80MB #checkpoint_completion_target = 0.5 # checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0 #checkpoint_flush_after = 256kB # measured in pages, 0 disables #checkpoint_warning = 30s # 0 disables # - Archiving - #archive_mode = off # enables archiving; off, on, or always # (change requires restart) #archive_command = '' # command to use to archive a logfile segment # placeholders: %p = path of file to archive # %f = file name only # e.g. 'test ! -f /mnt/server/archivedir/%f && cp %p /mnt/server/archivedir/%f' #archive_timeout = 0 # force a logfile segment switch after this # number of seconds; 0 disables #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # REPLICATION #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Sending Servers - # Set these on the master and on any standby that will send replication data. #max_wal_senders = 10 # max number of walsender processes # (change requires restart) #wal_keep_segments = 0 # in logfile segments; 0 disables #wal_sender_timeout = 60s # in milliseconds; 0 disables #max_replication_slots = 10 # max number of replication slots # (change requires restart) #track_commit_timestamp = off # collect timestamp of transaction commit # (change requires restart) # - Master Server - # These settings are ignored on a standby server. #synchronous_standby_names = '' # standby servers that provide sync rep # method to choose sync standbys, number of sync standbys, # and comma-separated list of application_name # from standby(s); '*' = all #vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0 # number of xacts by which cleanup is delayed # - Standby Servers - # These settings are ignored on a master server. #hot_standby = on # "off" disallows queries during recovery # (change requires restart) #max_standby_archive_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries # when reading WAL from archive; # -1 allows indefinite delay #max_standby_streaming_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries # when reading streaming WAL; # -1 allows indefinite delay #wal_receiver_status_interval = 10s # send replies at least this often # 0 disables #hot_standby_feedback = off # send info from standby to prevent # query conflicts #wal_receiver_timeout = 60s # time that receiver waits for # communication from master # in milliseconds; 0 disables #wal_retrieve_retry_interval = 5s # time to wait before retrying to # retrieve WAL after a failed attempt # - Subscribers - # These settings are ignored on a publisher. #max_logical_replication_workers = 4 # taken from max_worker_processes # (change requires restart) #max_sync_workers_per_subscription = 2 # taken from max_logical_replication_workers #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # QUERY TUNING #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Planner Method Configuration - #enable_bitmapscan = on #enable_hashagg = on #enable_hashjoin = on #enable_indexscan = on #enable_indexonlyscan = on #enable_material = on #enable_mergejoin = on #enable_nestloop = on #enable_parallel_append = on #enable_seqscan = on #enable_sort = on #enable_tidscan = on #enable_partitionwise_join = off #enable_partitionwise_aggregate = off #enable_parallel_hash = on #enable_partition_pruning = on # - Planner Cost Constants - #seq_page_cost = 1.0 # measured on an arbitrary scale #random_page_cost = 4.0 # same scale as above #cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01 # same scale as above #cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.005 # same scale as above #cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025 # same scale as above #parallel_tuple_cost = 0.1 # same scale as above #parallel_setup_cost = 1000.0 # same scale as above #jit_above_cost = 100000 # perform JIT compilation if available # and query more expensive than this; # -1 disables #jit_inline_above_cost = 500000 # inline small functions if query is # more expensive than this; -1 disables #jit_optimize_above_cost = 500000 # use expensive JIT optimizations if # query is more expensive than this; # -1 disables #min_parallel_table_scan_size = 8MB #min_parallel_index_scan_size = 512kB #effective_cache_size = 4GB # - Genetic Query Optimizer - #geqo = on #geqo_threshold = 12 #geqo_effort = 5 # range 1-10 #geqo_pool_size = 0 # selects default based on effort #geqo_generations = 0 # selects default based on effort #geqo_selection_bias = 2.0 # range 1.5-2.0 #geqo_seed = 0.0 # range 0.0-1.0 # - Other Planner Options - #default_statistics_target = 100 # range 1-10000 #constraint_exclusion = partition # on, off, or partition #cursor_tuple_fraction = 0.1 # range 0.0-1.0 #from_collapse_limit = 8 #join_collapse_limit = 8 # 1 disables collapsing of explicit # JOIN clauses #force_parallel_mode = off #jit = off # allow JIT compilation
 ログ #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # REPORTING AND LOGGING #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Where to Log - log_destination = 'stderr' logging_collector = on # This is used when logging to stderr: log_directory = 'log' # These are only used if logging_collector is on: # pgdata/data/log log_filename = 'postgresql-%a.log' #log_file_mode = 0600 log_truncate_on_rotation = on log_rotation_age = 1d # 1440 log_rotation_size = 0 # These are relevant when logging to syslog: #syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0' #syslog_ident = 'postgres' #syslog_sequence_numbers = on #syslog_split_messages = on # This is only relevant when logging to eventlog (win32): # (change requires restart) #event_source = 'PostgreSQL' # - When to Log - #log_min_messages = warning # values in order of decreasing detail: # debug5 # debug4 # debug3 # debug2 # debug1 # info # notice # warning # error # log # fatal # panic #log_min_error_statement = error # values in order of decreasing detail: # debug5 # debug4 # debug3 # debug2 # debug1 # info # notice # warning # error # log # fatal # panic (effectively off) #log_min_duration_statement = -1 # -1 is disabled, 0 logs all statements # and their durations, > 0 logs only # statements running at least this number # of milliseconds # - What to Log - #debug_print_parse = off #debug_print_rewritten = off #debug_print_plan = off #debug_pretty_print = on #log_checkpoints = off #log_connections = off #log_disconnections = off #log_duration = off #log_error_verbosity = default # terse, default, or verbose messages #log_hostname = off log_line_prefix = '%m [%p] ' # special values: # %a = application name # %u = user name # %d = database name # %r = remote host and port # %h = remote host # %p = process ID # %t = timestamp without milliseconds # %m = timestamp with milliseconds # %n = timestamp with milliseconds (as a Unix epoch) # %i = command tag # %e = SQL state # %c = session ID # %l = session line number # %s = session start timestamp # %v = virtual transaction ID # %x = transaction ID (0 if none) # %q = stop here in non-session # processes # %% = '%' # e.g. '<%u%%%d> ' #log_lock_waits = off # log lock waits >= deadlock_timeout #log_statement = 'none' # none, ddl, mod, all #log_replication_commands = off #log_temp_files = -1 # log temporary files equal or larger # than the specified size in kilobytes; # -1 disables, 0 logs all temp files log_timezone = 'Asia/Tokyo' #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # PROCESS TITLE #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #cluster_name = '' # added to process titles if nonempty # (change requires restart) #update_process_title = on #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # STATISTICS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Query and Index Statistics Collector - #track_activities = on #track_counts = on #track_io_timing = off #track_functions = none # none, pl, all #track_activity_query_size = 1024 # (change requires restart) #stats_temp_directory = 'pg_stat_tmp' # - Monitoring - #log_parser_stats = off #log_planner_stats = off #log_executor_stats = off #log_statement_stats = off #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # AUTOVACUUM #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #autovacuum = on # Enable autovacuum subprocess? 'on' # requires track_counts to also be on. #log_autovacuum_min_duration = -1 # -1 disables, 0 logs all actions and # their durations, > 0 logs only # actions running at least this number # of milliseconds. #autovacuum_max_workers = 3 # max number of autovacuum subprocesses # (change requires restart) #autovacuum_naptime = 1min # time between autovacuum runs #autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before # vacuum #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before # analyze #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2 # fraction of table size before vacuum #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1 # fraction of table size before analyze #autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000 # maximum XID age before forced vacuum # (change requires restart) #autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age = 400000000 # maximum multixact age # before forced vacuum # (change requires restart) #autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 20ms # default vacuum cost delay for # autovacuum, in milliseconds; # -1 means use vacuum_cost_delay #autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1 # default vacuum cost limit for # autovacuum, -1 means use # vacuum_cost_limit #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # CLIENT CONNECTION DEFAULTS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Statement Behavior - #client_min_messages = notice # values in order of decreasing detail: # debug5 # debug4 # debug3 # debug2 # debug1 # log # notice # warning # error #search_path = '"$user", public' # schema names #row_security = on #default_tablespace = '' # a tablespace name, '' uses the default #temp_tablespaces = '' # a list of tablespace names, '' uses # only default tablespace #check_function_bodies = on #default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed' #default_transaction_read_only = off #default_transaction_deferrable = off #session_replication_role = 'origin' #statement_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled #lock_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled #idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled #vacuum_freeze_min_age = 50000000 #vacuum_freeze_table_age = 150000000 #vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age = 5000000 #vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age = 150000000 #vacuum_cleanup_index_scale_factor = 0.1 # fraction of total number of tuples # before index cleanup, 0 always performs # index cleanup #bytea_output = 'hex' # hex, escape #xmlbinary = 'base64' #xmloption = 'content' #gin_fuzzy_search_limit = 0 #gin_pending_list_limit = 4MB # - Locale and Formatting - datestyle = 'iso, mdy' #intervalstyle = 'postgres' timezone = 'Asia/Tokyo' #timezone_abbreviations = 'Default' # Select the set of available time zone # abbreviations. Currently, there are # Default # Australia (historical usage) # India # You can create your own file in # share/timezonesets/. #extra_float_digits = 0 # min -15, max 3 #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database # encoding # These settings are initialized by initdb, but they can be changed. lc_messages = 'C' # locale for system error message # strings lc_monetary = 'C' # locale for monetary formatting lc_numeric = 'C' # locale for number formatting lc_time = 'C' # locale for time formatting # default configuration for text search default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english' # - Shared Library Preloading - #shared_preload_libraries = '' # (change requires restart) #local_preload_libraries = '' #session_preload_libraries = '' #jit_provider = 'llvmjit' # JIT library to use # - Other Defaults - #dynamic_library_path = '$libdir' #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # LOCK MANAGEMENT #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #deadlock_timeout = 1s #max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10 # (change requires restart) #max_pred_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10 # (change requires restart) #max_pred_locks_per_relation = -2 # negative values mean # (max_pred_locks_per_transaction # / -max_pred_locks_per_relation) - 1 #max_pred_locks_per_page = 2 # min 0 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # VERSION AND PLATFORM COMPATIBILITY #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Previous PostgreSQL Versions - #array_nulls = on #backslash_quote = safe_encoding # on, off, or safe_encoding #default_with_oids = off #escape_string_warning = on #lo_compat_privileges = off #operator_precedence_warning = off #quote_all_identifiers = off #standard_conforming_strings = on #synchronize_seqscans = on # - Other Platforms and Clients - #transform_null_equals = off #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # ERROR HANDLING #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #exit_on_error = off # terminate session on any error? #restart_after_crash = on # reinitialize after backend crash? #data_sync_retry = off # retry or panic on failure to fsync # data? # (change requires restart) #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # CONFIG FILE INCLUDES #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # These options allow settings to be loaded from files other than the # default postgresql.conf. #include_dir = '' # include files ending in '.conf' from # a directory, e.g., 'conf.d' #include_if_exists = '' # include file only if it exists #include = '' # include file #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # CUSTOMIZED OPTIONS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # Add settings for extensions here